01Cash purchase
The cheapest route over the life of the system and the only one with no financing cost at all. You own the equipment, you hold the warranties, you claim any credit you are eligible for, and the system transfers with the property on sale.
Watch for: Requires the capital and a tax position that can use the credit. If you owe little federal tax, the credit carries forward but is worth less in present value terms.
02Secured or unsecured loan
You still own the system and still claim the credit. The loan simply spreads the cost. Many solar loans are structured with a re-amortisation point that assumes you apply the tax credit as a lump sum against principal in year two.
Watch for: If you do not make that lump sum payment the monthly figure steps up sharply. Read the amortisation schedule before signing, not the monthly payment on the front page.
03Lease
You pay a fixed monthly amount for the use of equipment somebody else owns. Maintenance is typically included. It suits households without the capital or the tax appetite to own.
Watch for: The system is not yours, so the credit is not yours either. On sale the buyer must assume the lease, which adds a step and occasionally a complication to closing.
04Power purchase agreement
You buy the electricity the system produces at an agreed rate per kilowatt hour rather than renting the hardware. If it produces nothing, you pay nothing.
Watch for: Almost all PPAs carry an annual escalator. A 2.9 percent escalator on a 25 year term means the final year rate is roughly double the first year rate. Compare that curve against your utility's, not against today's number.